Alloy 200, alloy 201, 2.4066, 2.4068, nickel 200, nickel 201 - commercially pure nickel

Alloy 200, alloy 201, 2.4066, 2.4068, nickel 200, nickel 201 - commercially pure nickel

# - P<0.002; Pb<0.002; Co<0.2; As<0.002; Bi<0.002; Cd<0.002; Mg<0.1; Sb<0.002; Sn<0.002; Zn<0.002; OT<0.5

Nickel 200 and Nickel 201 – description

Alloy 200 and Alloy 201 (commonly known as Nickel 200 and Nickel 201) are commercially pure nickel alloys with a Ni content of more than 99%.

Both alloy 200 and alloy 201 are highly resistant to corrosive media, especially in reducing environments. They also show high electrical conductivity.

Due to its nominal carbon content of 0.08% (maximum 0.15%), Nickel 200 is not recommended for use beyond 315 °C. This is because exposure to temperatures between 425 and 650 °C can lead to embrittlement due to the precipitation of graphite. On the other hand, the more commonly employed low-carbon alloy Nickel 201, containing a maximum of 0.02% carbon, is suitable for use at temperatures exceeding 290 °C.

Applications

Alloy 200 finds common applications in chemical and food processing, electronic components, and aerospace equipment, with a temperature limitation of 315°C. In contrast, Alloy 201 is suitable for higher temperatures and is employed in caustic evaporators, combustion boats, plater bars, and electronic components.

Nickel 200, Nickel 201 - physical and mechanical properties

Room temperature physical properties:

• Density: 8.89 g/cm³
• Specific heat capacity: 456 J/kg⋅K
• Electrical conductivity: 18.2% IACS
• Curie temperature: 360°C °C
• Ferromagnetic
• Elastic modulus: 204 GPa
• Melting temperature: 1435-1446 °C

Coefficient of thermal expansion, from 20°C to:

• -253°C: 8.5 μm/m⋅K
• -184°C: 10.4 μm/m⋅K
• -90°C: 11.2 μm/m⋅K
• 93°C: 13.3 μm/m⋅K
• 204°C: 13.9 μm/m⋅K
• 316°C: 14.4 μm/m⋅K

Electrical resistivity:

• -184°C: 27 nΩ·m
• -90°C: 58 nΩ·m
• 0°C: 80 nΩ·m
• 20°C: 95 nΩ·m
• 93°C: 126 nΩ·m
• 204°C: 188 nΩ·m
• 316°C: 273 nΩ·m

Thermal conductivity:

• -184°C: 77.2 W/m · K
• -18°C: 72.1 W/m · K
• 93°C: 67.1 W/m · K
• 204°C: 61.3 W/m · K
• 316°C: 56.3 W/m · K

Tensile properties of alloy 200 plates according to DIN 17750:2021:

• Soft annealed (F37)
  • Yield strength: >100 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >370 MPa
  • Elongation: >40 %
  • Hardness HBW: <130
• Half-hard (F49)
  • Yield strength: >290 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >490 MPa
  • Elongation: >15 %
  • Hardness HBW: 150
• Hard (F59)
  • Yield strength: >490 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >590 MPa
  • Elongation: >2 %
  • Hardness HBW: 200

Tensile properties of Alloy 200 rods according to DIN 17752:2019:

• Soft annealed (F37)
  • Yield strength: >100 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >370 MPa
  • Elongation: >40 %
  • Hardness HBW: <130
• Half-hard (F49)
  • Yield strength: >340 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >490 MPa
  • Elongation: >15 %
  • Hardness HBW: 150
• Hard (F59)
  • Yield strength: >540 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >590 MPa
  • Elongation: >5 %
  • Hardness HBW: 200

Tensile properties of Alloy 201 plates according to DIN 17750:2021:

• Soft annealed (F34)
  • Yield strength: >80 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >340 MPa
  • Elongation: >40 %
  • Hardness HBW: <130
• Half-hard (F43)
  • Yield strength: >150 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >430 MPa
  • Elongation: >15 %
  • Hardness HBW: 150
• Hard (F54)
  • Yield strength: >430 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >540 MPa
  • Elongation: >540 %
  • Hardness HBW: 180

Tensile properties of Alloy 201 rods according to DIN 17752:2019:

• Soft annealed (F34)
  • Yield strength: >80 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >340 MPa
  • Elongation: >40 %
  • Hardness HBW: <130
• Half-hard (F43)
  • Yield strength: >150 MPa
  • Tensile strength: >430 MPa
  • Elongation: >15 %
  • Hardness HBW: 150

High-temperature strength properties of soft-annealed Nickel 201:

• 204°C:
  • Yield strength: 102 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 372 MPa
  • Elongation: 44 %
• 260°C:
  • Yield strength: 101 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 372 MPa
  • Elongation: 41 %
• 316°C:
  • Yield strength: 105 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 362 MPa
  • Elongation: 42 %
• 371°C:
  • Yield strength: 97 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 325 MPa
  • Elongation: 53 %
• 427°C:
  • Yield strength: 93 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 284 MPa
  • Elongation: 58 %
• 482°C:
  • Yield strength: 89 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 269 MPa
  • Elongation: 58 %
• 538°C:
  • Yield strength: 83 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 228 MPa
  • Elongation: 60 %
• 593°C:
  • Yield strength: 77 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 186 MPa
  • Elongation: 72 %
• 649°C:
  • Yield strength: 70 MPa
  • Tensile strength: 153 MPa
  • Elongation: 74 %

Typical fatigue strength for Nickel 200 as a function of working and heat treatment:

• Soft-annealed
  • 10⁵ cycles: 358 MPa
  • 10⁶ cycles: 276 MPa
  • 10⁷ cycles: 234 MPa
  • 10⁸ cycles: 228 MPa
• Cold-drawn
  • 10⁴ cycles: 751 MPa
  • 10⁵ cycles: 579 MPa
  • 10⁶ cycles: 434 MPa
  • 10⁷ cycles: 358 MPa
  • 10⁸ cycles: 345 MPa

Typical Charpy V-notch impact strength of Nickel 200 as a function of working and heat treatment:

• Hot rolled: 271 J
• Cold drawn, stress-relieved: 277 J
• Cold drawn, annealed: 309 J

Corrosion behaviour

Nickel 200 and 201 are used extensively in caustic production and processes involving all concentrations and temperatures of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). While nickel is resistant to most alkalis, it is not resistant to ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) solutions. The alloy is valued primarily for its resistance to alkaline and reducing environments, but it also demonstrates resistance to many acids. It is resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in environments containing iodides, where potassium iodide is used as a promoter for the formation of acetic acid.

All test results presented below, carried out at temperatures below 300°C, apply to both Alloy 200 and Alloy 201. Results above 300°C apply to Alloy 201 only.

Corrosion rates in caustic soda solutions:

• Laboratory test in 4% solution at 20°C: 1 μm/year;
• Laboratory test in 4% solution with alternate immersion at 20°C: 14 μm/year;
• Plant tests in 14% solution in first effect of multiple-effect evaporator at 88°C: 0.5 μm/year;
• Plant tests in 23% solution in tank receiving liquor from evaporator at 104°C: 4.1 μm/year;
• Plant tests in single-effect evaporator concentrating solution from 30 –50% at 82°C: 2.5 μm/year;
• Plant tests in evaporator concentrating to 50% solution: 3 μm/year;
• Laboratory tests during concentration from 32–52% (vacuum, 640–685 mm Hg) at 85-91°C: 33 μm/year;
• Tests in storage tank containing 49–51% solution at 55-75°C: 0.5 μm/year;
• Tests in storage tank containing 49–51% solution at 121°C: 0.5 μm/year;
• Laboratory tests in 75% solution at 204°C: 20 μm/year;
• Plant tests in 70% electrolytic solution in receiving tank at 90-115°C: 3 μm/year;
• 45% NaOH + 5% NaCl, at 40°C: 7 3 μm/year;
• 45% NaOH + 5% NaCl , at 140°C: 10 3 μm/year;

Corrosion rates for other corrosive media:

• Thionyl chloride (SOCl₂), at 40°C: 7 3 μm/year;
• Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), at 40°C: 10 3 μm/year;
• Phosphorus oxychloride (POCl₃), at 40°C: 10 3 μm/year;
• Benzotrichloride (C₆H₅CCl₃), at 40°C: 5.1 3 μm/year;
• Benzoyl chloride (C₇H₅ClO), at 40°C: 5.1 3 μm/year;
• Formic acid (CH₂O₂) 40%, boiling: 0.26-0.27 mm/year;
• Formic acid (CH₂O₂) 88%, boiling: 0.31-0.34 mm/year;
• Boiling 100% concentrated acetic acid (CH₃COOH) with no air: 0.036 mm/year;
• Boiling 100% concentrated acetic acid (CH₃COOH) with air sparge: 0.025 mm/year;
• Boiling 100% concentrated acetic acid (CH₃COOH) with Cu anions: 0.81 mm/year;
• Boiling 50% concentrated acetic acid (CH₃COOH) with no air: 0.076 mm/yea;
• Boiling 50% concentrated acetic acid (CH₃COOH) with air sparge: 1.6 mm/year;
• Boiling 50% concentrated acetic acid (CH₃COOH) with Cu anions: 0.71 mm/year;

Water resistance - excellent resistance to distilled water and freshwater. The corrosion rate is reported to be less than 0.0025 mm/yr in distilled water storage tanks and less than 0.005 mm/yr in domestic hot water service.

Nickel 200 and Nickel 201 also demonstrates good resistance to corrosion in seawater. However, it's important to note that in stagnant or very low-velocity seawater, there is a potential for pitting or crevice corrosion, particularly under fouling organisms or other deposits.

Halogenation - good resistance. It is well known that high nickel content is often connected with high halogenation resistance. Mass loss in chloride environments as a function of temperature:

• Ar-30Cl₂ 500 h; 400°C: 0.2 mg/cm²
• Ar-30Cl₂ 500 h; 500°C: 0.3 mg/cm²
• Ar-30Cl₂ 500 h; 600°C: 47-101 mg/cm²
• Ar-30Cl₂ 500 h; 705°C: 97 mg/cm²
• HCl 300h; 400°C: 1.19 mg/cm²
• HCl 1000h; 400°C: 0.91 mg/cm²
• HCl 100h; 500°C: 1.60 mg/cm²
• HCl 300h; 500°C: 2.89 mg/cm²
• HCl 1000h; 500°C: 4.86 mg/cm²
• HCl 100h; 600°C: 11.46 mg/cm²
• HCl 300h; 600°C: 37.7 mg/cm²
• HCl 96h; 700°C: 377 mg/cm²

Weldability

Weldability group 41 (ISO 15608), brazing P-number 110 (ASME section IX).

Selection of welding consumables:

• ENi-1 (Electrode); ERNi-1 (Filler metal)
• Joining with steel up to 9% Ni: ENiCrFe-2 (Electrode); ERNiCr-3 (Filler metal)
• Joining with copper or nickel-copper: ENiCu-7 (Electrode); ERNiCu-7 (Filler metal)

Postweld heat treatment - if the welded piece is to be used for caustic service applications, apply postweld heat treatment, described below.

Heat treatment, working and machining

Recommended working and heat treatment parameters:

• Heavy forging: 1230-870°C
• Light forging: 870-550°C
• Batch soft-annealing in bell-type furnaces: 705-760°C; 2-6 h; AC
• Continuous soft-annealing: 815-925°C; 5 min; AC / WQ
• Stress relieving: 480-705°C; 30-120 min; AC
• Stress equalizing: 260-480°C; 1-2 h; AC
• Postweld annealing: 705°C; AC

Forging - the process for Alloy 200 involves heating it in a furnace, withdrawing it promptly once the desired temperature is attained, and working on it swiftly. The recommended forging temperature range is 650 to 1230°C. It's crucial to conduct heavy work and hot bending above 870 °C since the metal stiffens rapidly beyond this point. High mechanical properties can be achieved by working lightly below 650 °C.

Cold working is the only way to harden the alloy. Subsequent heat treatment or lack thereof will impact the tensile properties.

Annealing - alloy can be soft-annealed (705-925°C), stress relieved (480-705°C) or stress equalized (260-480°C). Higher temperature choice results in higher ductility. In each case, air cooling may be applied.

Postweld heat treatment for caustic applications - Heat the material to 705 °C and maintain this temperature for at least 0.5 hours per 25 mm of thickness. Determine the heating and cooling rates based on the shape of the part. For complex shapes with nonuniform thicknesses, use heating and cooling rates of 111 °C per hour. Shapes with uniform thicknesses can employ faster heating and air cooling.

Machining - the alloy is easily machineable. It exhibits gummy behavior in the annealed condition. It's hardenable only by cold working, which provides the best condition for machining.

We deliver this steel alloy as

• Rod, bar, wire, forging according to ASTM B 160, ASTM B 730, ASME SB-160, ASME SB-730, DIN 17752
• Plates, strips and sheets according to ASTM B 162, ASME SB-162, DIN 17750
• Welded pipes according to ASTM B 163, ASTM B 730, ASTM B 751, ASTM B 755, ASME SB-163, ASME SB-730, ASME SB-751, ASME SB-755
• Seamless pipes according to ASTM B 829, ASME SB-829
• Welded fittings according to ASTM B 366, ASME SB-366

Replacements, equivalents and other designations:

Alloy 200, N02200, ASTM A 494, AMS5553, ASTM B 160, ASTM B 161, ASTM B 162, ASTM B 163, ASTM B 366, ASTM B 474, ASTM B 564, ASMT B 725,, ASTM B 730, ASTM B 775, ASTM B 730, ASME SB-160, ASME SB-161, ASME SB-162, ASME SB-163, ASME SB-366, ASME SB-564, ASME SB-730, ASME SB-775, ASME SB-829, H02200, NS5200, Ni-01, L210H21, EMVAC 200, Nickel 200, Coralloy 200, Junkeralloy G-Ni95, VDM® CW Nickel, Phyweld® 200, SG 1, Redi-Nickel 5000 Kanthal, Ni200 Hyndman, C-Ni99, C-Ni99-HC, NC2100, NC2100-HC, 2.4068, Ni99,2, NA 12 BS 3072, NA 12 BS 3073, NA 12 BS 3074, NA 12 BS 3075, NA 12 BS 3076, N7, NW2200, NW2201, Ni99.0, Ni99.0-LC, NLCP, NNCB, NNCP, NP4, AL 201, Carpenter Nickel 201 alloy, JS 201, Nichel 201, JS alloy 201, DMV 201, AL 200, Carp[enter Nickel Alloy 200, DMV 200, JS alloy 200, NICHEL 200